Exploring the Science of Cannabis with Dr. Andrew Huberman

In pursuing scholarly information on Cannabis, the Huberman Lab YouTube channel, hosted by Dr. Andrew Huberman, emerges as an authoritative source. Dr. Huberman, a tenured professor at Stanford School of Medicine, offers extensive insights into neurobiology and ophthalmology, with his academic profile accessible at https://www.hubermanlab.com/about.

Delving into the intricacies of cannabinoids, Dr. Huberman articulates the varying effects of THC and CBD on the human brain. THC binds with specific brain receptors, influencing memory, pleasure, and pain perception. 

At the same time, CBD competes for these receptor sites and may offer protective neurological benefits ("CBD and THC: Key Differences, Benefits, and Legal Status," https://www.verywellmind.com/cbd-vs-thc-differences-benefits-side-effects-legality-5071416).

The text refers to a discussion by Dr. Huberman on the classification of Cannabis, which includes both scientific and consumer perspectives. The aim is to ensure that there is a common language that can be used to describe different types of Cannabis that can be understood by researchers and users.

The text notes that a critical review has highlighted the need for harmonized terminology to bridge the gap between scientific nomenclature and user language. This review, titled "Are researchers getting the terms used to denote different types of recreational cannabis right?—a user perspective," suggests that there is a need to ensure that the terminology used is accurate and consistent so that users are better informed about the products they consume.https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00109-4).

The statement highlights how the channel is discussing the various risks that come with using THC, including the possibility of developing psychosis. On the other hand, the channel is also exploring the antipsychotic properties of CBD and how it can be used to counter the effects of THC. The conversation is enriched with findings from a wide range of cannabinoid studies that help to shed light on the different compounds found in the cannabis plant and their varying effects on the human body. individuals," https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736954/).

**Bibliography**

Huberman, A. (n.d.). *About - Huberman Lab*. Retrieved from https://www.hubermanlab.com/about

Psychology Today. (2023). *Can CBD Protect Your Brain From THC?* Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/your-brain-on-food/202305/can-cbd-protect-your-brain-from-thc

VeryWellMind. (2023). *CBD vs. THC: Key Differences, Benefits, and Legal Status*. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/cbd-vs-thc-differences-benefits-side-effects-legality-5071416

Journal of Cannabis Research. (2021). *Are researchers getting the terms used to denote different types of recreational cannabis right?—a user perspective*. Retrieved from https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00109-4

National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2023). *Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and effects on individuals*. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736954/

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This blog post serves as a well-rounded piece for those researching Cannabis, coupling the verifiable qualifications of the host with scientifically-backed information on Cannabis compounds and their effects. The full URLs for each reference provide readers with direct access to the sources for deeper exploration. If you require further enhancements or additional information, feel free to ask!

Cannabinoids and The Human Orchestra: Unveiling the Harmonics

The interaction between cannabinoids and the human body primarily involves the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which consists of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids (cannabinoids produced by the body), and enzymes that synthesize and degrade these compounds. Here is a breakdown of the interaction:

• Cannabinoid Receptors: CB1 Receptors: Predominantly located in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the brain, but also present in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. They affect heart rate, mood, appetite, motor activity, pain tolerance, learning, memory, and decision-making. Δ9-THC, a major cannabinoid in cannabis, is a partial agonist of CB1 receptors and can inhibit the release of certain neurotransmitters, which may underlie cannabis's psychoactive effects​​.
• CB2 Receptors: Primarily found in the immune system, including T-cells, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, lung, and bone. CB2 receptors are associated with immune responses and inflammation regulation. Δ9-THC also interacts with CB2 receptors to reduce immune cell functions, including those leading to inflammation​2​.

1. Interaction of Cannabinoids with Receptors:

• Δ9-THC: As a partial agonist of CB1 and CB2 receptors, Δ9-THC reduces excitability by inhibiting neurotransmitter release affected by endogenous cannabinoids. It may inhibit the release of GABA, thereby increasing the release of dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine​3​.
• CBD (Cannabidiol): With a low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, CBD acts as an inverse agonist, reducing pro-inflammatory markers. When interacting with CB2 receptors, CBD acts as an inverse agonist, meaning it occupies the same position as the receptor. It produces opposite effects to a CB2 agonist, helping combat swelling and boosting the immune system​4​.
• Other Cannabinoids: Cannabinol (CBN), for instance, acts as a weak agonist at CB1 receptors but has a higher affinity to CB2 receptors, potentially exhibiting anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects​5​.

1. Endogenous Cannabinoids:

• Endogenous cannabinoids like anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) interact with cannabinoid receptors similarly to plant cannabinoids, influencing various physiological processes​6​.

1. Metabolic Enzymes:

• Enzymes in the ECS synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids, regulating their levels and activity in the body​7​.

1. Pharmacokinetics:

• Cannabinoids like Δ9-THC and CBD are activated by heat and light, undergoing decarboxylation. The bioavailability and effect duration of cannabinoids vary depending on the route of administration, with inhalation providing quicker onset and higher bioavailability compared to oral administration​8​.

1. Adverse Effects:

• Overconsumption of cannabinoids, particularly synthetic cannabinoids, can lead to adverse effects like neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The long-term effects of cannabinoid use are still being studied​9​.

The interaction of cannabinoids with the human body involves multiple mechanisms and pathways. Understanding these interactions is crucial for harnessing the potential therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids while minimizing adverse effects.

Title: Cannabinoids and The Human Orchestra: Unveiling the Harmonics

Introduction:

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is akin to a conductor in the grand orchestra of the human body, orchestrating a range of physiological processes through the symphony of cannabinoid receptors. This system, comprising endocannabinoids, their metabolic enzymes, and cannabinoid receptors, plays a pivotal role in many bodily functions. The key players in this intricate system are the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, which serve as the docking stations for cannabinoids, the keys that unlock a spectrum of physiological responses.

The CB1 and CB2 Receptors: Gatekeepers of The Endocannabinoid System

CB1 receptors, predominantly located in the brain and central nervous system, are the primary mediators of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids, particularly Δ9-THC. Their distribution across various organ systems elucidates the broad spectrum of cannabis-induced effects encompassing appetite modulation, mood alterations, and motor activity regulation. Unlike opioid receptors, the sparse distribution of CB1 receptors in the brainstem underscores the lower risk of lethal overdoses associated with cannabis use.

On the flip side, CB2 receptors are the guardians of the immune system, chiefly located on T-cells and other immune cells. Their activation, predominantly by cannabinoids like CBD, modulates immune responses, attenuating inflammation and potentially offering therapeutic benefits in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

Δ9-THC and CBD: The Yin and Yang of Cannabis

Δ9-THC, a partial agonist of CB1 receptors, modulates neurotransmitter release, epitomized by its inhibition of GABA release, amplifying dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine release. This cascade of neurotransmitter activity underpins the psychoactive and euphoric experiences associated with cannabis use.

In contrast, CBD, with its low affinity for both cannabinoid receptors, acts more like a maestro fine-tuning the ECS. Its role as an inverse agonist tempers pro-inflammatory markers, offering a potential therapeutic pathway in managing inflammatory disorders.

The Administration and Metabolism Conundrum

The method of administration significantly impacts the bioavailability and onset of effects of cannabinoids. While inhalation ensures a rapid entry and higher bioavailability of cannabinoids into the bloodstream, oral administration is characterized by a delayed onset but prolonged effect. The liver acts as the primary site for cannabinoid metabolism, where many enzymes choreograph the breakdown and excretion of cannabinoids.

Conclusion:

The ECS is a complex yet harmonious system that resonates with the rhythm of cannabinoids—understanding the dynamics between cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoids, whether endogenous or exogenous, is pivotal in unlocking the potential therapeutic avenues offered by cannabis and its constituents. As research continues to delve deeper into the ECS, I plan to fine-tune this orchestra to play melodious tunes of health and well-being.

References:

- Di Marzo, V., & Piscitelli, F. (2015). The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 692–698. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26271952/

 

- Mackie, K. (2008). Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they 

do. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20 Suppl 1, 10–14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18426493/

 

- Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British journal of pharmacology, 153(2), 199–215. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219532/

The Alarming Emergence of Synthetic Cannabinoids: A Dive into the Abyss

The advent of synthetic cannabinoids, commonly known as "fake marijuana," has opened a Pandora's box of alarming health challenges, diverging vastly from the natural cannabis plant's profile. Emerging initially as investigative tools to explore cannabinoid receptors, synthetic cannabinoids morphed into a public health menace, with their debut in the European market in 2005, eventually trickling into the United States by 2008. Despite their inception rooted in scientific exploration by organic chemist John William Huffman, these substances quickly became the harbingers of a slew of unpredictable, and often severe health adversities (Huffman et al., 2005).

Synthetic cannabinoids, unlike their natural counterparts, do not share structural similarities with Δ9-THC, the psychoactive component of cannabis. This divergence in chemical structure augments the risk profile of synthetic variants, making them full agonists of cannabinoid receptors as opposed to the partial agonism exhibited by plant-based THC. This heightened receptor activity unleashes a torrent of unpredictable physiological responses, often exacerbated by the delayed onset of effects that entices users into a vicious cycle of overconsumption in pursuit of the sought-after high (Fattore, 2016).

The deceptive appearance of synthetic cannabinoids, often marketed under guises like Spice or K2, belies a sinister reality. These substances, concocted by dissolving chemical compounds in solvents like acetone and then sprayed onto dried leaves, often carry lethal companions such as fentanyl. The ensuing cocktail not only elevates the risk of overdose but unveils a realm of adverse effects ranging from neurological impairments like confusion and seizures to psychiatric disturbances including hallucinations and violent behavior. The dire list extends to cardiovascular adversities like tachycardia and hypertension, and in grim cases, culminates in death (Castaneto et al., 2014).

The synthetic cannabinoid saga exemplifies a dangerous game of Russian roulette, where each use is a gamble with life. The cheap and often legal availability of these substances further fuels their menace, drawing individuals into a whirlpool of addiction, with withdrawal symptoms manifesting upon cessation. The long-term effects remain shrouded in mystery, amplifying the urgency for stringent regulation and public awareness (Winstock & Barratt, 2013).


References:
Castaneto, M. S., Gorelick, D. A., Desrosiers, N. A., Hartman, R. L., Pirard, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2014). Synthetic cannabinoids: Epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug and alcohol dependence, 144, 12-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220897/

Fattore, L. (2016). Synthetic cannabinoids—Further evidence supporting the relationship between cannabinoids and psychosis. Biological psychiatry, 79(7), 539-548. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26970364/

Huffman, J. W., Zengin, G., Wu, M. J., Lu, J., Hynd, G., Bushell, K., ... & Reggio, P. H. (2005). Structure–activity relationships for 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indoles at the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors: steric and electronic effects of naphthoyl substituents. New highly selective CB2 receptor agonists. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 13(1), 89-112. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3298571/

Winstock, A. R., & Barratt, M. J. (2013). Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample. Drug and alcohol dependence, 131(1-2), 106-111. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23291209/

Delving into the Complex Chemistry of Cannabis

The cannabis plant, a natural wonder and a plant with a rich history of use, presents a chemical tapestry that is complex and intriguing. With over 500 constituents and more than 700 varieties like indica, ruderalis, and sativa, cannabis boasts a complicated chemical makeup that has been the subject of extensive scientific research. The plant's psychoactive properties are primarily due to its cannabinoids, which are a family of chemical compounds that interact with the human body's endocannabinoid system.

The cannabis spectrum comprises a wide variety of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other chemical entities that contribute to its therapeutic and psychoactive effects. Among the most prominent cannabinoids in cannabis are tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Δ9-THC is the primary psychoactive component that induces a "high," while CBD is non-intoxicating but holds immense medicinal potential. These cannabinoids, along with others like cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabinol (CBN), have been shown to modulate various physiological processes, such as pain relief, inflammation reduction, and appetite stimulation.

Terpenes, another significant constituent of cannabis, are aromatic compounds that provide the plant's characteristic aroma and contribute to its therapeutic properties. There are over 100 identified terpenes in cannabis, and each has its unique set of effects on the body. For example, limonene has been shown to exhibit anxiolytic and chemotherapeutic properties while myrcene has anti-inflammatory and sedative effects. The interaction between cannabinoids and terpenes, often referred to as the "entourage effect," is believed to enhance or modify the effects of individual compounds, leading to more effective and targeted therapeutic outcomes.

The extraction of cannabinoids and terpenoids from cannabis can be achieved using various methods such as chemical extraction, high-pressure liquid CO2 extraction, and natural solvent extraction. The extracts obtained are often referred to as "oil" and are used in medicinal formulations such as oral sprays, pills, and tinctures. These formulations, such as Sativex® and Cannador®, represent the marriage of traditional botanical knowledge with modern pharmaceutical standards, providing a tangible form of cannabis's therapeutic potential.

The intricate chemistry of cannabis has opened up a realm of possibilities for its use in medicine and human wellness. However, further research is needed to unlock its full potential and understand the implications of its use fully. As the discourse around cannabis continues to evolve, a deeper dive into its chemical constituents and their interactions will be instrumental in harnessing the plant's therapeutic prowess and addressing its psychoactive effects. The journey to unravel the complexity of cannabis chemistry is not merely an academic endeavor but a pathway towards better understanding and utilization of this ancient botanical companion.

References:
ElSohly, M. A., & Gul, W. (2014). Constituents of cannabis sativa. In Handbook of Cannabis (pp. 3-22). Oxford University Press.

Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British journal of pharmacology, 153(2), 199-215. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219532/

Russo, E. B. (2011). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid‐terpenoid entourage effects. British journal of pharmacology, 163(7), 1344-1364. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946/

Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., ... & Schmidlkofer, S. (2015). Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 313(24), 2456-2473. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26103030/

Unraveling the Green Wave: Exploring Factors Behind Cannabis Legalization in the United States

The gradual journey towards cannabis legalization in the United States reflects a complex interplay of numerous political, ideological, and sociocultural factors. The changing attitudes and emerging realities toward cannabis legalization mirror a broader societal shift. Since the early 1990s, the percentage of Americans favoring cannabis legalization has steadily risen, with an approximate 1.5 percentage point increase annually. This transformation is not happening in isolation; it echoes the legislative evolution across states, suggesting a symbiotic relationship between public sentiment and state law.

The birth of a new industry encompassing regulated dispensaries and grow warehouses has further "normalized" cannabis, especially among the youth and young adults, creating a ripple effect of acceptance, job creation, and revenue streams. This emerging industry is gradually becoming a significant player in the United States' economy, with projections indicating that it could generate billions of dollars in annual revenue.

However, the path towards legalization is entwined with a myriad of factors, some of which are political, ideological, and sociocultural. The diminishing punitive attitudes, coupled with increased media focus on cannabis medicalization, have significantly impacted the legalization wave. Financial strain on state budgets due to processing and housing non-violent offenders, including those with cannabis-related charges, has also prompted a re-evaluation of the punitive approach. The sentiment against incarcerating non-violent substance users, often from marginalized populations, has gained traction, further fueling the decriminalization and legalization discourse.

The geographical proximity of states with varying cannabis laws, known as border state policy diffusion, has modestly swayed attitudes and legislation in neighboring states. Moreover, the political culture of a state, specifically the liberal or conservative orientation of its citizenry, significantly influences the likelihood of adopting medical cannabis legislation. This political dichotomy, while shaping cannabis laws, also reflects the broader ideological spectrum across the nation.

The undercurrent of criminal justice reform, aiming to address racial, ethnic, and gender disparities, intersects directly with cannabis decriminalization efforts. Data highlights the disproportionate enforcement of cannabis laws against African Americans and Latinos, despite comparable usage rates across ethnicities. The call for criminal justice reform, therefore, sees cannabis decriminalization as a cornerstone to remediate past injustices, reduce systemic burdens, and foster a more equitable legal framework.

The evolving cannabis narrative, however, raises pertinent concerns regarding public education and awareness. The heterogeneity of cannabis, encompassing varying strengths, consumption methods, and cannabinoid concentrations, coupled with a substantial surge in potency over recent decades, necessitates a robust educational framework. Healthcare providers, positioned at the frontlines, require enhanced guidance to navigate discussions with patients regarding cannabis accessibility, adverse effects, and addiction potential amidst this green wave.

As the tendrils of legalization spread across the United States, fostering a well-informed populace and healthcare community is imperative to ensuring a balanced and health-centric approach to cannabis use and regulation. In conclusion, the journey towards cannabis legalization in the United States is an ongoing process that reflects a broader societal shift and interplay of numerous factors that continue to shape the landscape of cannabis policy and its effects on society. 

References:
Belackova, V., Maalsté, N., Zabransky, T., & Grund, J. P. (2015). “Should I Buy or Should I Grow?” How drug policy institutions and drug market transaction costs shape the decision to self-supply with cannabis in the Netherlands. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(3), 296-310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25655217/

Subritzky, T., Lenton, S., & Pettigrew, S. (2016). Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado. International Journal of Drug Policy, 27, 1-12. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-04160-001

Pacula, R. L., Powell, D., Heaton, P., & Sevigny, E. L. (2015). Assessing the effects of medical marijuana laws on marijuana and alcohol use: The devil is in the details. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 34(1), 7-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315233/

Nellis, A. (2016). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/

Cannabis in America: An Odyssey from Taboo to Acceptance

The societal perception of cannabis in the United States has undergone a profound transformation over the past few decades. The journey of cannabis from a taboo substance to a medically and recreationally accepted plant is a testament to the influence of various factors, including legislation, activism, and shifting political tides.

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 classified cannabis as a Schedule 1 substance, significantly limiting its accessibility for medical research. However, in the 1970s, there was a growing interest in the medical potential of cannabis, fueled by citizen activism and state-level lobbying. During this time, states such as Oregon, Alaska, and Maine took pioneering steps to decriminalize cannabis, with the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws playing an instrumental role in advocacy. Esteemed national bodies like the American Medical Association and American Public Health Association also supported decriminalization, indicating a gradual shift in professional and public opinion.

Despite this momentum towards legalization, the 1980s and early 1990s saw a backlash against the burgeoning cannabis legalization movement, as evidenced by the stringent "War on Drugs" campaign under the Reagan and Bush presidencies. These punitive policies disproportionately affected communities of color, further entrenching the contentious debate surrounding cannabis regulation.

The tide turned in 1996, with California passing the landmark Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act. This legislation protected patients and physicians from state prosecution for medical cannabis use and recommendations, respectively. Despite federal opposition, this law marked a watershed moment in the journey toward broader cannabis acceptance. The ensuing decade saw an additional 22 states, along with Washington D.C. and Guam, embracing medical cannabis, igniting a nationwide discourse on its legalization.

The advocacy for medical cannabis paved the way for broader acceptance, culminating in Colorado legalizing recreational cannabis use in 2014. By mid-2019, a total of 33 states and Washington D.C. had enacted laws legalizing cannabis to varying degrees, reflecting a dramatic shift towards more liberal cannabis policies. This transformation is emblematic of a broader societal re-evaluation of cannabis, spurred by a confluence of factors, including increased public awareness, evolving scientific understanding, and a desire to rectify historical injustices associated with previous cannabis laws.

The story of cannabis from a Schedule 1 substance to a medically and recreationally accepted plant encapsulates the dynamic interplay of grassroots activism, legislative action, and societal attitudes. As the United States continues to grapple with the public health implications of cannabis legalization, reflecting on its complex history provides a nuanced lens through which to navigate the unfolding narrative of cannabis in America. The discourse surrounding cannabis legalization also invites a broader reflection on the intersection of public opinion, scientific evidence, and policy-making in the realm of drug regulation and public health.

References:
Pacula, R. L., Chriqui, J. F., Reichmann, D. A., & Terry-McElrath, Y. M. (2002). State medical marijuana laws: Understanding the laws and their limitations. Journal of Public Health Policy, 23(4), 413-439. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12532682/

Nellis, A. (2016). The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/

Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2016). Evaluating the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States. Addiction, 111(10), 1764-1773. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27082374/

The Transformation of Cannabis from Medicine to Menace in the 20th Century

At the dawn of the 20th Century, there was a significant shift in the perception and regulation of cannabis in the United States. Initially, the Pure Food and Drug Act signaled growing concerns about the plant's safety. Between 1914 and 1925, 26 states passed laws to outlaw cannabis. 

By the 1930s, the public's attitude towards cannabis had largely turned negative, echoing similar sentiments in Britain and Europe. 

The Great Depression, with its economic despair and massive job losses, further exacerbated the negative outlook towards cannabis, transforming its image from a promising medicinal asset to a perceived societal threat (Boire & Feeney, 2006).

This changing perspective culminated in the enactment of the Uniform State Narcotic Act in 1932, which empowered states to regulate the sale and use of narcotics, including cannabis. One of the key advocates of this act was Harry Anslinger, the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.

Please visit our sources:

Boire, R. G., & Feeney, K. (2006). Medical Marijuana Law. Ronin Publishing.
Bonnie, R. J., & Whitebread, C. H. (1974). 

Buying here supports the site:  Medical Marijuana Law

The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of American Marijuana Prohibition. Virginia Law Review, 60(6), 971-1203. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/forbidden-fruit-and-tree-knowledge-inquiry-legal-history-american

Eddy, M. (2010). Medical Marijuana: Review and Analysis of Federal and State Policies. Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33211.pdf